The Early Caliphate:
by Maulana Muhammad Ali
Biographies of: Hazrat Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman and Ali (rta)
The Early Caliphate [PDF
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(17.7 MB)
Table of Contents:
- Biography of Hazrat Abu Bakr (rta):
- Early Life
- Conversion to Islam and Services
- He is Persecuted
- His Daughter Aishah is Married to the Prophet
- Flight to Madinah
- Services in Madinah
- Part in Warfare
- Abu Bakr as lmam during the Prophet's Last Days
- The Prophet's Demise
- Abu Bakr's Election as Caliph
- Abu Bakr's Statesmanship
- Abu Bakr's Address to the People
- Ali and Abu Bakr
- Abu Bakr Duly Elected Caliph
- Usamah's Army Despatched to Syria
- False Claimants to Prophethood:
- Aswad Ansi
- Musailimah
- Tulaihah
- Sajah
- The Apostasy Movement
- Refusal to Pay Zakat
- The Defence of Madinah
- Rebel Attack on Madinah Repulsed
- Despatch of Expedition to different Quarters
- Object of Expeditions
- Khalid Defeats Tulaihah
- Malik ibn Nawairah
- Khalid Defeats Musailimah
- Bahrain Rebellion Crushed
- Uman and Mahrah Cleared of Rebels
- Yaman and Hadramaut Restored
- Conflict with Roman Empire and Persia
- Insurrection called for Fortification of Frontiers
- Abu Bakr's Motives in Sending Expeditions to Frontiers
- The Strength of the Caliphate as Compared with the Two Empires
- Aggression on the Enemy's Part
- Trouble in Arabia Fomented by Persia and Rome
- Muthanna's Expeditions
- Khalid Reinforces Muthanna and Assumes Command
- Hirah taken
- Jizyah and Charge of Loot
- Conquest of Anbar and Ain al-Tamr
- Expedition on the Northern Frontier
- The Battle of Ajnadain
- Abu Bakr's Illness and Death
- Simplicity of his Life
- The Collection of the Quran
- The Collection of Zakat
- Government by Counsel
- Position of the Ruler
- Treatment of Enemies
- Strength of Character
- Appearance and Character
- Biography of Hazrat Umar (rta):
- Early Life
- Conversion to Islam
- The Flight
- Help Rendered to the Cause of Islam
- The Prophet's Death and After
- Umar Pursues the Frontier Policy of Abu Bakr
- Objection against Early Muslim Conquests
- The Safety of Arabia the Sole Motive of the Early Caliphate Wars
- Defeat Enhanced Persia's and Rome's Passion for Revenge
- A Necessity of War
- Islam, Jizyah or the Sword
- Significance of the Alleged Message
- Persian Forces under Hurmuz
- Muslim General's appeal to Caliph
- Hirah Lost and Regained
- Battle at Namaraq
- Battle of Jasr
- Persia again Defeated at Buwaib
- Sa'd appointed Generalissimo
- Battle of Qadisiyah
- Sa'd's advance on Madain
- The Western Part Evacuated by Persians
- Fall of Madain
- Persians' advance on and Defeat at Jalula
- Battle of Takrit
- Christian Tribes Embrace Islam
- Mosul Occupied
- Damascus Conquered
- Battle of Fihl
- Battle of Hims
- Battle of Yarmuk
- Jerusalem Capitulates
- Treaty of Jerusalem
- Greek Efforts to Expel Muslims from Syria
- Conquest of Jazirah
- Removal of Khalid
- Plague of Amwas
- Egypt Invaded
- Fall of Fustat
- Fall of Alexandria
- Library of Alexandria
- The Suez Canal
- Campaign in Khuzistan
- Hurmuzan becomes Muslim
- Ban against Advance on Persia Withdrawn
- Death of Umar
- Reasons Underlying the Great Conquest of Umar's Reign
- Weakening of the Roman and Persian Empires
- False Charge of Love of Loot
- Glorious Deeds of the Muslim Soldiers
- Solidarity of Islam
- Democratic Spirit
- Simple Life and Concern for the Ruled
- Treatment of non-Muslims
- Condition of Women in the Time of Umar
- Gradual Abolition of Slavery
- Equality of Man
- Works of Public Good
- Spreading of Islam and Knowledge of Quran
- Soldier and Administrator
- A True Successor of the Prophet
- Biography of Hazrat Usman (rta):
- Early Life
- Conversion to Islam
- Emigration to Abyssinia
- Services Rendered to the Cause of Islam
- Uthman's Part in Warfare
- Part Played in Earlier Caliphate
- Elected Caliph
- Revolt in Persia Leads to Extension of Empire
- Roman Attack on Syria and further Conquests
- Cyprus Occupied
- Roman Invasion of Egypt and further Conquests in Africa
- Causes of the Discontent in Uthman's Caliphate
- Appointment and Dismissal of Governors
- Uthman's Impartiality in the Choice of Governors
- Ibn Saba Leads Agitation against Uthman
- Agitation gains Strength
- Disaffection Spreads among Bedouins
- Deportation of Abu Dharr
- Burning of Inauthentic Copies of the Holy Quran
- Mischief Started
- Enquiry into Grievances
- Governors' Conference
- Seditionists Gather at Madinah
- Seditionists' Entry into Madinah
- The Caliph is Maltreated and Imprisoned in his House
- Madinah Muslims Averse to Shedding Muslim Blood
- Annual Pilgrimage
- The Caliph is Salin
- Uthman Sacrificed his Life for the Unity of Islam
- Prophet's Great Qualities Mirrored in the First Four Caliphs
- Uthman took nothing from the Public Treasury Uthman's Reign
- Administration
- Standardisation of the Quran
- Manners and Morals
- Biography of Hazrat Ali (rta):
- Early Life
- Conversion to Islam and Determination to Help the Cause
- Flight to Madinah
- Marriage with Fatimah
- Martial Exploits
- As an Envoy and Preacher of Islam
- At the Prophet's Death
- Oath of Allegiance to the Caliph
- Ali becomes Caliph
- Dissensions within the House of Islam
- Demand of Retribution against Uthman's Assassins
- Appointment of New Governors
- War Preparations against Muawiyah
- Aishah, Talhah and Zubair Demand Retribution for Uthman's Murder
- Purity of their Motives
- Aishah Captures Basrah
- Aishah was against Fighting
- Ali's Attack on Basrah and Negotiations with Talhah and Zubair
- Battle of Jamal
- Kufah as Capital and Calling Muawiyah to Submission
- Relations between Ali and Muawiyah
- Battle of Siffin
- Desertion of Ali's Troops
- The Arbitrators' Award
- Battle against the Khawarij
- The Khawarij cause further Trouble
- Muawiyah Captures Egypt
- Later Period of Ali's Reign
- Ali's Martyrdom
- Ali's Reign
- No better Choice of Caliph could have been made
- Ali's Learning
- Ali's Devotions
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